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不锈钢精密铸造的工艺流程

Process flow for precision casting of stainless steel

一、什么是不锈钢的精密铸造

1. What is precision casting for stainless steel?

在生产不锈钢产品时，有些产品的形状怪异，无法用弯管等工艺进行生产时，为生产这类不规则形状（内部为空心或实心）的产品，采用的一种利用蜡模→做砂模→液态材料填充成型的工艺。

In the production of stainless steel products, the shape of some products is strange, can not be produced by bending and other processes, in order to produce such irregular shape (hollow or solid) products, the use of wax mold sand mold liquid material filling molding process.

优点：可以根据不同的蜡模做出款式多变的产品。

Advantages: we can make different styles of products according to different wax models.

缺点：成型坯料精度不高，表面粗糙度较大。

Disadvantages: the accuracy of forming billet is not high, and the surface roughness is large.

二、精铸工艺流程

Two. Investment casting process

1、根据不同形状的产品做模具。模具分上下凹模方式，通过车、刨 、铣 、蚀、电火花等 综合工序完成。凹坑形状、尺寸跟产品半边一致。因为腊模主要用于工业蜡压型使用，因此选用熔点不高，硬度不高、要求较低、价格较便宜、重量较轻的铝合金材料做模具。

1, make moulds according to different shapes of products. The die is divided into upper and lower die modes, which are completed through comprehensive processes such as vehicle, planing, milling, erosion and electric spark. The shape and size of the pits are consistent with the halves of the product. Because wax mold is mainly used for industrial wax pressing, so choose aluminum alloy materials with low melting point, low hardness, low requirements, cheaper price and lighter weight as mold.

2、利用铝合金模具生产出大量的工业蜡实芯模型。在正常情况下一只工业蜡实芯模型只能 对应出一只毛坯产品。

2. A large number of industrial wax core models are produced by using aluminum alloy dies. Under normal circumstances, an industrial wax core model can only produce one blank product.

3、对蜡模周边余量进行精修，去毛刺后将多个单一蜡模粘在（又称组树）预先准备好的 模头上，此模头也是用蜡模生产出的工业蜡实芯模型。（外形很像一棵树）

3. Finish the margin around the wax mold. After deburring, stick several single wax molds to the mold which is prepared beforehand. This mold is also the industrial wax solid core model produced by the wax mold. (looks like a tree).

4、将已固定在模头上的多个蜡模涂上工业胶水后均匀喷上第一层细砂（一种耐火砂、耐高 温，通常用的是硅沙）。此砂颗粒很小、很细，这样能确保最终毛坯表面尽量的光滑。

4. Spray the first layer of fine sand (a kind of fire-resistant sand, high-temperature resistant, usually silica sand) evenly on the wax molds which have been fixed on the die after being coated with industrial glue. The sand particles are very small and fine, so that the final surface of the blank can be smoothed as smooth as possible.

5、在设定的室温（或恒温）下让喷了第一层细砂的蜡模自然风干，但不能影响内部蜡模形 状变化，自然风干的时间取决于产品本身内部的复杂程度，一般精铸件第一次的风干时间大约在5—8小时左右。

5. Let the wax mold sprayed with the first layer of fine sand air-dry naturally under the set room temperature (or constant temperature), but can not affect the shape of the internal wax mold change, natural air-dry time depends on the complexity of the product itself, generally the first air-dry time of precision casting is about 5-8 hours.

6、第一次砂喷完并自然风干后，在蜡模的表面继续上工业胶水（硅溶浆），并喷上第二层 砂，第二层砂颗粒大小要比之前的第一层砂来的大、来的粗。喷完第二层砂后也是在设定的恒温下让蜡模自然风干。

6. After the first sand blasting and natural air drying, industrial glue (silica slurry) is continued on the surface of the wax mold and a second layer of sand is sprayed. The second layer of sand is larger and coarser than the first layer of sand before. After spraying second layers of sand, the wax mold is dried naturally under constant temperature.

7、第二次砂喷完并自然风干后，依次类推进行第三次喷砂，第四次喷砂，第五次喷砂等工 序。 要求： - 根据产品表面要求，体积大小，自重等相应调节喷砂次数。一般情况下喷砂次数为3-7次。 - 每次喷砂的砂粒大小均不一样，通常后道工序的砂粒均较前道工序砂粒粗，风干的时间长短也不一样。一般一个完整的蜡模上砂的生产周期为3~4天左右。

7. After the second sandblasting and natural air drying, the third sandblasting, the fourth sandblasting and the fifth sandblasting are carried out in turn. Requirements: according to the product's surface requirements, size, weight and so on, adjust sand blasting times accordingly. In general, sandblasting frequency is 3-7 times. - The size of sand particles varies with each blast. Usually the sand particles in the later process are thicker than those in the previous process, and the drying time is also different. In general, the production period of a complete wax mold is about 3~4 days.

8、将已完成喷砂工序的蜡模在烘烤工序前，再均匀涂上一层白色的工业乳胶（硅溶浆），以起到粘结和固化砂型，以及密封蜡模作用，为后道烘烤工序做准备。同时在烘烤工序后，还能提高砂型的脆性，便于敲碎砂层，取出毛坯。

8. The wax mold which has completed the sandblasting process is evenly coated with a layer of white industrial latex (silica slurry) before the baking process to bond and solidify the sand mold and seal the wax mold, so as to prepare for the later baking process. At the same time, after the baking process, it can also improve the brittleness of the sand mold, easy to break the sand layer and take out the blank.

9、烘烤工序 将固定在模头上、并完成喷砂风干工序的蜡模放入金属密闭的专用烘箱里加热（常用是 烧煤油的蒸气炉）。因工业腊熔点不高，温度大约在150゜左右，蜡模受热溶化形成腊水沿着浇口流出，这个过程即为脱腊。脱完蜡的蜡模只是一具空的砂壳。精密铸造的关键就是用这具空的砂壳。（一般这种腊可以反复使用多次，但这些腊必须重新过滤，否则不干净的腊会影响毛坯表面质量，例如：表面砂孔、麻点，同时还会影响精铸产品的收缩率）。

9. The wax mold fixed on the die head and completed the sand blasting and air drying process will be heated in a special metal-sealed oven (usually a steam oven for burning kerosene). Because the melting point of industrial wax is not high and the temperature is about 150_, the wax mold is heated and melted to form wax flowing out along the gate. This process is dewaxing. Wax pattern wax is only an empty sand shell. The key to precision casting is to use this empty sand shell. (Generally this wax can be reused many times, but these waxes must be re-filtered, otherwise unclean wax will affect the surface quality of the blank, such as: surface sand holes, pits, but also affect the shrinkage of precision casting products).

10、烘烤砂壳 为使脱完蜡的砂壳更加坚固和稳固，在浇入不锈钢水之前，必须烘烤砂壳，通常在温度 很高的（温度大约在1000゜左右）火炉里烘烤。

10. To make the dewaxed sand shell more solid and stable, the sand shell must be baked before pouring the stainless steel water, usually in a high temperature (about 1000_) stove.

11、将已经高温溶解成液态的不锈钢水倒入脱完蜡的砂壳里，液态不锈钢水则充满之前蜡 模成型的空间，直至完全注满，包括中间的模头部分。

11. The stainless steel which has been dissolved into liquid at high temperature is poured into the dewaxed sand shell, and the liquid stainless steel water is filled with the space of the former wax mold until it is fully filled, including the middle part of the mold.

12、因溶不锈钢的锅炉中会有不同成分的材质混入，工厂必须检测材质百分比。然后根据 需要的比例进行调释，例如增加那些方面元素，达到所需效果。

12. Because of the mixing of different ingredients in the boiler for dissolving stainless steel, the factory must test the percentage of material. Then, according to the ratio of needs, it can be adjusted, for example, increasing those elements to achieve the desired effect.

13、液态不锈钢水冷却凝固后，借助于机械工具或人力将最外层的沙壳敲碎，露出固体状 的不锈钢产品即为原先蜡模的形状，也就是最终所需要的毛坯。然后将逐个切割、分离再经粗磨就成为单一的毛坯件 。

13. After the liquid stainless steel is cooled and solidified by water, the outermost sand shell is broken by means of mechanical tools or manpower. The solid stainless steel product is the shape of the original wax mold, that is, the final required blank. Then it will be cut and separated one by one and then rough rolled into a single blank.

14、检验毛坯：表面有砂眼、气孔的毛坯必须用氩弧补焊，严重的当废品清洗后重新回炉。

14. Inspection blank: The blank with sand holes and gas holes on the surface must be repaired by argon arc welding. When the scrap is seriously cleaned, it will be returned to the furnace.

15、清洗毛坯：经检验合格的毛坯必须经过清洗工序。

15, cleaning blanks: the qualified blanks must undergo the cleaning process.

16、进行其它工序加工，直至成品。

16. Carry out other processes until finished products.